Reconstruction of an Indian war elephant as used by the Macedonians during the third century BC.

Ref.  P. Connolly, "Greece and Rome at War,"(Prentice-Hall, 1981)

Elephants with towers.

1. Terracotta figure of an elephant with a tower attached by chains.  Towers were first used  by Pyyrrhus against the Romans in 280 BC.

2. Painted dish from Capena, Campania showing an Indian elephant with tower.  Probably from the Pyrrhus army.

3. Indian elephant with tower on a silver phalera.

The Byzantine Fortress of Charpete (Harput)

Rebuilt in the medieval period

Croyland Bridge (from the Topographia Britannica)

Antibes Aqueduct

Pont Ambroix, Gard Depi, France

Roman Empire, AD 395

The division of the Roman Empire into the West and East Empires at the death of Theodosius I, AD 395.