Early Greek Ship

 

In this drawing the above ship drawing the major element for a ship under sail are clearly shown:

--Mast;
--Yard;
--Forestays;
--Brails;
--Braces;
--Sheets;
--Sail;
and the double steering oars. This ship design probably dates from the fourh century BC or earlier.

Reference:

--A. Cowley (trans.), "Jewish Documents of the Time of Ezra, #26, (translated from the Aramaic)," Bodley's Librarian, 1919.

--Henry B. Culver, Gordon Grant (illus.), "The Book of Old Ships," Dover Publications, New York, 1992 (ISBN 0-486-27332-6 [pbk.])

Respectfully Submitted;

Marcus Audens

Map of Belgae

 

Brigadier General of Engineers, Ian McKay

 

In this picture, Brig. Ian Mckay, Chief of Staff to Lt. General U.S. Grant, is talking with the crowd of spectators, explaining a few basic elements of the massed artillery behind him. This particular photo was taken at an event in Western Connecticut early in the season. Ian McKay usually is asked to narrate to the spectators about the equipment and tactics that they are seeing on the field, since much of it is known well only to the few who study such.

Hitite City (Under Siege)

 

This very rough picture indicates a city under siege and the fortifications built into the city wall

Battle Against the Helvetii

 

The map is reproduced from the French Survey dated 1853. There is little doubt that the battle took place on this ground, on which Colonel Stoffel discovered the entrenchment "E". The positions of the opposing forces here shown are in general accordance with the theory of Colonel Bircher.

Reference:

Caesar, H.J. Edwards (trans.), "The Gallic War," Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997

Ruins of Aqua Claudia

 

Aqua Claudia, a Roman Aqueduct.

Reference:

Frontinius, Chares E Bennett (trans.), "Aqueducts of Rome," Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA,1997

The Battle of the Aisne (after Colonel Stoffel)

 

Reference:

Caesar (H. J. Edwards, Trans.) "The Gallic War," Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. - Loondon, England, 1997

The Battle of the Sombre

 

Reference:

Caesar, H. J. Edwards (trans.)" The Gallic War,"Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, U.K., 1997

Mediterranean Sites Besieged - 146-27 BC

 

The sites marked on the map are:

--Numantia, Spain;
--Ategua, Spain;
--Massila, Gaul;
--Alesia, Germany;
--Avaricum, Germany;
--Gergovia Gaul;
--Uxellodunum, Gaul;
--Thala, North Africa;
--Capsa, North Africa;
--Carthage, North Africa;
--Rome, Italy;
--Brundisium, Italy;
--Dyrrachium, Greece;
--Athens, Greece;
--Cyzicus, Asia Minor;
--Heraclea Pontica, Asia Minor;
--Xanthus, Asia Minor;
--Tigranocerta, Persia;
--Pindenissus, Asia Minor;
--Jerusalem;
--Alexandria, Egypt

Plan of Numantia, Spain -- Siege, 133 BC

 

This plan outlines the Roman camps, forts and siege walls built for this siege operation:

Camps and Forts

--Castillejo #1, top of dwg., Scipio Aemilianus siege camp;

--Pena Redonda #2, toward bottom of the plan, center, F. Fabius Maximus siege camp;

--Dehesilla #3, left of plan on hill,Q. Fabius Maximus siege camp, alternate location;

--Valdevotton #4, Right side of plan, Possible Alternate siege camp;

--Travesadas #5, Right side of plan, Possible alternate siege camp;

--Canal #6, Bottom Left of plan, Possible alternate siege camp;

--Molino #7, Left of center, below river, River Fort;

--Vega #8, 2/3rds up the plan center, River Fort;

--Pena de Judio #9, Left above Dehesilla, Probable fort and tower;

--Alto Real #10, Above Pena de Judio on hill, Possible Fort.

Siege Walls

--a. Possible tower, wall foundations, above Dehesilla;

--b. Siege Wall, Below Dehesilla;

--c. 300 meter stretch of wall, two "titulus" (*) protected gates;

--d. Siege Wall, above Pena Redonda;

--e. Siege Wall, above Travesadas.

(*) "titulus" refers to a length of rampart and ditch outside a gap in the defences; a standard Roman method of protecting an open gateway.

Reference:

D. B. Campbell, A. Hook (Illust.) "Siege Warfare In the Roman World," Elie, 126, Osprey Pub., London, 2005

Roman Warship -- Trireme

Drawn by Marcus Audens

Caesar's Siege of Avaricum -- 52 BC

 

Reference:--

Duncan B. Campbell, Adam Hook (Illus.), "Siege Warfare In the Roman World, 146 BC -- AD 378, "Elite 126, Osprey Pub.,
Oxford, UK, 2005, pp 34 (Plate B), 62

Caesar's Siege-works at Avaricum (after General Verche're de Reffye)

 

Winch as a Rotary Lever

 

The winch was regarded as a "Rotary Lever", and just as the shorter part of the
lever could support a weight greater than the force applied to the longer
section, so as they expressed it, "the smaller circle overpowers the greater,"
for the weight on the rope from the winch may be many times greater
than the force on the handspike needed to raise it.

Greek Galley

 

Not all Greek galleys were warships There were galleys that were also Merchant ships as well Some of these vessels did well in trade along the coast and where both wind and oar power could be used for speed and manuverability to get into the smaller ports.

Reference:

H. B. Culver, "The Book of Old Ships," Dover Pub., New York, 1992

Roman Warship -- Trireme

 

Reference:

H. B. Culver, "The Book of Old Ships, :Dover Pub., New York, 1992

Greek Merchantman -" Round Ship"

 

Roman Merchantman -- "Cordita"

 

Roman Warship - Galley

 

Reference:

Jane Penrose (ed.) "Rome and Her Enemies," Osprey Publishing, Great Britain, 2005.

Carthaginian Ship Construction

 

1. Part of the hull of the first of two Carthaginian warships discovered near Lilybaeum, in Sicily;

2. Part of the ram of the second ship;

A. Method of joining planks together with tenons and dowels;

B. Method of nailing planks to ribs;

C. and D, Sections of keel;

E. Section of rearmost rib;

F. Section of fifth rib showing planking nailed to both rib and keel;

G. and H. Sections of the ram.

Reference:

Peter Connolly, "Greece and Rome At War," Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1981.

Two views of the Prow of a Carthaginian Galley

 

--Corinthian Coin, Spain -- The prow of a galley; c. 226 B. C.

--Carthaginian Carving -- showing the front (bow) of a galley. Note the disc and crescent standard on the prow.

Reference:--

Peter Connolly, "Greece and Rome At War," Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1981

Ship Construction Diagrams

 

Top Picture -- Northern European clinker-building with overlapping planks;

Bottom Picture -- Roman Mortise and Tenon Construction.

These diagrams were made up from the archeological finds in the culture areas mentioned above.