Early Greek Ship

 

In this drawing the above ship drawing the major element for a ship under sail are clearly shown:

--Mast;
--Yard;
--Forestays;
--Brails;
--Braces;
--Sheets;
--Sail;
and the double steering oars. This ship design probably dates from the fourh century BC or earlier.

Reference:

--A. Cowley (trans.), "Jewish Documents of the Time of Ezra, #26, (translated from the Aramaic)," Bodley's Librarian, 1919.

--Henry B. Culver, Gordon Grant (illus.), "The Book of Old Ships," Dover Publications, New York, 1992 (ISBN 0-486-27332-6 [pbk.])

Respectfully Submitted;

Marcus Audens

Map of Belgae

 

Mediterranean Sites Besieged - 146-27 BC

 

The sites marked on the map are:

--Numantia, Spain;
--Ategua, Spain;
--Massila, Gaul;
--Alesia, Germany;
--Avaricum, Germany;
--Gergovia Gaul;
--Uxellodunum, Gaul;
--Thala, North Africa;
--Capsa, North Africa;
--Carthage, North Africa;
--Rome, Italy;
--Brundisium, Italy;
--Dyrrachium, Greece;
--Athens, Greece;
--Cyzicus, Asia Minor;
--Heraclea Pontica, Asia Minor;
--Xanthus, Asia Minor;
--Tigranocerta, Persia;
--Pindenissus, Asia Minor;
--Jerusalem;
--Alexandria, Egypt

Plan of Numantia, Spain -- Siege, 133 BC

 

This plan outlines the Roman camps, forts and siege walls built for this siege operation:

Camps and Forts

--Castillejo #1, top of dwg., Scipio Aemilianus siege camp;

--Pena Redonda #2, toward bottom of the plan, center, F. Fabius Maximus siege camp;

--Dehesilla #3, left of plan on hill,Q. Fabius Maximus siege camp, alternate location;

--Valdevotton #4, Right side of plan, Possible Alternate siege camp;

--Travesadas #5, Right side of plan, Possible alternate siege camp;

--Canal #6, Bottom Left of plan, Possible alternate siege camp;

--Molino #7, Left of center, below river, River Fort;

--Vega #8, 2/3rds up the plan center, River Fort;

--Pena de Judio #9, Left above Dehesilla, Probable fort and tower;

--Alto Real #10, Above Pena de Judio on hill, Possible Fort.

Siege Walls

--a. Possible tower, wall foundations, above Dehesilla;

--b. Siege Wall, Below Dehesilla;

--c. 300 meter stretch of wall, two "titulus" (*) protected gates;

--d. Siege Wall, above Pena Redonda;

--e. Siege Wall, above Travesadas.

(*) "titulus" refers to a length of rampart and ditch outside a gap in the defences; a standard Roman method of protecting an open gateway.

Reference:

D. B. Campbell, A. Hook (Illust.) "Siege Warfare In the Roman World," Elie, 126, Osprey Pub., London, 2005

Caesar's Siege of Avaricum -- 52 BC

 

Reference:--

Duncan B. Campbell, Adam Hook (Illus.), "Siege Warfare In the Roman World, 146 BC -- AD 378, "Elite 126, Osprey Pub.,
Oxford, UK, 2005, pp 34 (Plate B), 62

Caesar's Siege-works at Avaricum (after General Verche're de Reffye)

 

Winch as a Rotary Lever

 

The winch was regarded as a "Rotary Lever", and just as the shorter part of the
lever could support a weight greater than the force applied to the longer
section, so as they expressed it, "the smaller circle overpowers the greater,"
for the weight on the rope from the winch may be many times greater
than the force on the handspike needed to raise it.

Greek Galley

 

Not all Greek galleys were warships There were galleys that were also Merchant ships as well Some of these vessels did well in trade along the coast and where both wind and oar power could be used for speed and manuverability to get into the smaller ports.

Reference:

H. B. Culver, "The Book of Old Ships," Dover Pub., New York, 1992

Roman Warship -- Trireme

 

Reference:

H. B. Culver, "The Book of Old Ships, :Dover Pub., New York, 1992

Greek Merchantman -" Round Ship"

 

Roman Merchantman -- "Cordita"

 

Carthaginian Ship Construction

 

1. Part of the hull of the first of two Carthaginian warships discovered near Lilybaeum, in Sicily;

2. Part of the ram of the second ship;

A. Method of joining planks together with tenons and dowels;

B. Method of nailing planks to ribs;

C. and D, Sections of keel;

E. Section of rearmost rib;

F. Section of fifth rib showing planking nailed to both rib and keel;

G. and H. Sections of the ram.

Reference:

Peter Connolly, "Greece and Rome At War," Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1981.

Ship Construction Diagrams

 

Top Picture -- Northern European clinker-building with overlapping planks;

Bottom Picture -- Roman Mortise and Tenon Construction.

These diagrams were made up from the archeological finds in the culture areas mentioned above.

Roman Ballista

 

Strabo's Iberia

 

Early Rome nd Neighboring Lands

 

Roman Lighthouse Ruin #2

 

This is a second view of the Roman Pharos from another side of the ruin.

Roman Lighthouse Ruin

 

This is a first century, AD, Roman pharos (lighthouse) ruin. This is the tallest surviving Roman building in Britain. It is located on top of the bluff overlooking the English Channel at Dover, England. It is located within the Dover Castle walls.

Bow Firing Catapult (After Marsden)

 

Torsion Spring Frame for a Catapult